论文开题报告的写作建议

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The way to Write a (Thesis / Dissertation) Proposal
  
1.  Know the area
a.  Read, read, read, …
b.  Average 10-15 papers perweek
c.  Current Journals: at leastread/scan abstracts
d.  Use reference managementsoftware! (e.g. ProCite and EndNote)
e.  Use search engines (MedLine,Ergo Abstracts, Psych Info, Compendex, ACM
Digital Library, etc.)
f.  Go to the source literature(don’t expect textbooks and other secondary sources to
be either accurate or complete)
2.  Go outside your area
a.  Good source of new/differentideas
b.  Avoids embarrassing overlap(already done by others in another field)
3.  Pay attention to methods,analyses, motivations, applications
a.  We did this because …
b.  This work can be applied to…
4.  Tree-in; tree-out
a.  Look at paper citations, andwho cited particular papers (ISI Citation Index)
b.  Note how others interpreted(or how cited) papers you’ve already read; they may
have a different interpretation
5.  Don’t get‘paper-locked’
a.  Easy to get overwhelmed andbiased by what has already been done
b.  Once familiar with an area,what has and hasn’t been done, start working on what
you could do
6.  Look at proposals anddocuments generated by your predecessors

At this point, generate some initialideas.  Be creative, flexible,novel.  Good idea to test them, if possible.

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The proposal itself:
Be professional.  Dress appropriately (even if faculty don’t!).  
Should you bring refreshments?  It’s certainly appreciated but definitely not needed or expected.

Jumping ahead, what does a faculty member look for in a proposal?
•  My opinions here, so don’t blame me!  
•  Most, though, see it as a “contract”:  “If you do this work, do it well and write it up well, we won’t later claim that it’s not appropriate or sufficient”

1.  It should be well-written
a.  Organized, with a logical flow
b.  Concise, but also complete
c.  Good grammar

d.  It’s usually a good idea to have a colleague read it before giving it to the advisor,especially if they have already submitted their first draft or successfully defended their proposal.  Often little errors or small changes will be identified and addressed.  They can also be some the best sources of information for “why” or “how”. (责任编辑：thesis writing)


2. General structure is typically followed, but there is flexibility in the details a. Introduction (Background, Motivations, Literature review) b. Objective/Purposes/Hypothesis (need not be a separat

确实色盲

2.  General structure is typically followed, but there is flexibility in the details
a.  Introduction (Background, Motivations, Literature review)
b.  Objective/Purposes/Hypothesis (need not be a separate section, but often is)
c.  Methods
d.  Preliminary Results
3.  Introduction
a.  It’s not a literature review!  It should be a summary of existing evidence that motivates your specific, proposed work.
b.  Start broad (e.g. injuries, need for ergonomics, etc.), become increasingly specific
c.  End with a review, and broaden out to discuss potential applications (importance) of the proposed work
d.  Topics to be addressed:  what’s been done; what hasn’t; what is needed and why;  indicate your part or contribution (scoping your domain)
e.  Intro should contain some statements of objectives, purposes, and hypothesis.
Placement is flexible, though, and these could be in separate sections between  Intro and Methods, or even part of the Methods.  Depending on the specifics, not  all of these (objective, purposes, and hypotheses) will always been relevant.
More important that it be clear and readable.
f.  How long should it be?  Long enough to satisfy the above goals.  Typically 10-30 pages for an MS, longer for a PhD proposal.
g.  When summarizing existing literature, it is not enough just to describe what
authors X, Y, and Z did.  Results should be interpreted, in the context of the  overall review and study objectives.
h.  In particular, discuss contrasting evidence, possible sources for discrepancies  (experimental design, lack of controls, sensitivity of measures, etc.), and the importance of resolving the differences.
i.  Summarize evidence, rarely individual studies.
4.  Objectives/Purposes
a.  Non-quantitative, but specific and clearly filling some hole/need addressed in the
Introduction.
b.  The Intro should have motivated and “scoped” the stated objectives and purposes.
5.  Hypotheses
a.  Non-quantitative, but again specific and clear.
b.  There should be obvious connections to the objectives; addressing (proving) your hypotheses supports achieving your objectives
c.  There must be clear (though not stated here) indications of how statistical  methods would be used to evaluate the hypotheses.  In the methods, your  statistical tests should make reference to these hypotheses.
d.  Not every statistical test should have an associated hypothesis (otherwise it would be unwieldy); instead, the hypotheses can be general (e.g. there will be an   3 association among several variables; factors A and B will have effects on several measures of performance).

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sandysandra

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