英国伯明翰从制造业向服务业转型

采帅哥的小蘑菇

英国第二大城市伯明翰，虽曾享有长达约一个半世纪的“世界工厂”之誉，但它早就被许多英国人称为英国最丑的城市。伯明翰位于英格兰心脏地带，是一座典型的煤炭城市。20世纪最后30年，伯明翰传统制造业急剧萎缩，经济发展严重受阻，大批制造业工人相继失去工作。伯明翰在英国人心目中成了一个沉闷、丑陋、乏味和没有灵魂的地方。20世纪70年代~80年代，伯明翰被迫开始了向非工业化城市转型的漫长历程，从20世纪90年代起，转型速度明显加快，目的也更加明确。

采帅哥的小蘑菇

布林商业街是伯明翰经济转型的标志。布林商业街位于伯明翰市中心，相当于北京的王府井。2003年9月，经耗资5亿英镑（1英镑约合 1.64美元）的改造，布林脱胎换骨，原有“水泥丛林”已被上百家品牌店、热闹的广场、食品铺、咖啡室和娱乐中心等建筑代替。布林是伯明翰城市改造的一座里程碑，标志着一个工业化城市转变成以服务业为龙头的非工业化城市。

　　点评：伯明翰城市改造远远没有画上句号。目前，伯明翰市政议会正雄心勃勃准备拿布林当做新的起点，依靠布林多达60亿英镑的集资改造伯明翰东区。伯明翰市政议会希望把东区建成新的国际金融中心，与伦敦一争短长。但是，作为工业革命的发源地，伯明翰要想真正实现转型，还有很长一段路要走。

　　德国莱茵—鲁尔区矿业和非矿业共同发展德国莱茵—鲁尔区是德国和欧洲最大的工业区，虽然面积只占德国3.6%，人口占12.6%，却生产德国 80%的硬煤、90%的焦炭、60%的钢铁和35%的炼油量，电力、硫酸以及合成橡胶、军事工业、重型机械等在德国也占重要地位。

　　莱茵—鲁尔区在经济发展和产业结构调整中积累了多方面经验。其中最主要的是矿产业和非矿产业都得到了发展，产业结构不断得以优化。第一，重视煤炭生产及就地加工，延长产业链促进经济综合发展。第二，根据市场需要调整产业结构，实行再工业化。第三，重视科技教育的发展。第四，美化矿区环境，有效控制污染。第五，通过制定和执行区域规划及城市规划，使生产力布局比较均衡，区内无相差悬殊的先进与落后地区之分。通过以上举措的实施，鲁尔区实现了矿业与非矿业共同发展的可喜局面。鲁尔区对煤炭注重就地加工，形成与电力、钢铁、煤化工、建材等联合生产，并建立强大的机械和军事工业，同时注意轻工、农业的发展。

　　点评：谈到矿业城市经济转型，实现可持续发展，在一些人心目中，似乎就等同于发展非矿产业。鲁尔的经验表明，矿业城市在经济转型过程中，矿产业和非矿产业要同时发展，矿产业要延伸产业链，非矿产业要提高科技含量，尽可能以高科技武装。同时要做好区域和城市规划，做到生产力布局合理，城市功能健全。

　　马来西亚吉隆坡第三产业开始蓬勃发展吉隆坡的历史还不到150年，这是一座以锡矿起家而形成的新兴矿业城市。马来西亚锡产量占世界总产量的 37%。吉隆坡处在马来西亚着名的“橡胶—锡矿带 ”的中段。锡矿储藏量不但丰富，而且易于露天开采。目前年产锡3万吨，居世界前列。现在吉隆坡市内的一些公园如湖滨公园等，都是利用废锡矿场改建而成的。随着采锡活动的推进，锡矿开采在向外围发展，郊区的废锡矿场变成了养鱼池。吉隆坡周围有许多橡胶园。橡胶工业成为马来西亚仅次于采锡的第二大行业。吉隆坡的工业主要也是炼锡和橡胶，还有轧钢、木材加工、机车、水泥、化工、食品加工等工业。吉隆坡西南部的卫星城必打灵查亚是全国第一个工业卫星城。吉隆坡的旅游资源开发十分迅速，每年都有大量游客前来观光旅游。

　　点评：经济结构调整要从当地实际出发，吉隆坡在橡胶和锡业两大支柱产业继续得到发展的同时，文化、旅游等第三产业发展很快，是它得以置身于世界大城市行列的重要原因。矿业城市有无依托型和有依托型两种成因，吉隆坡显然属于无依托型矿城。吉隆坡的事例说明，只要政策措施得力，无依托型矿城转型同样会取得成功。

　　Britain's second-largest city of Birmingham, though for about one and a half century had enjoyed the “world factory” reputation, but it would have been many British called Britain's most ugly city. Birmingham is located in the heart of England, is a typical coal city. In the 20th century, Birmingham last 30 years of traditional manufacturing, economic development has obstructed, large factory workers have lost his job. Birmingham in British people become a dull and boring, no soul and ugly. In the 1970s ~ in the 1980s, Birmingham was forced to start to the industrialized city transformation process, from the long since 1990s, the transformation, the purpose is quickened markedly more clearly.

　　Sergey street is the symbol of economic transition. Birmingham, Located in Birmingham city commercial sergey, equivalent to Beijing wangfujing. In September, 2003, the cost of ￡1 million pounds ($1.64) or the transformation, sergey shadowfax original “, ”has been on the concrete jungle 100 brand shop, noisy square, food shop, coffee room and entertainment center, etc. Sergey was a milestone in Birmingham city, marks an industrialized city into a service for the leading to the industrialized city.

　　Comment on: Birmingham city far not ends. At present, Birmingham city council is ambitious to take a new starting point, sergey on sergey more than 60 million pounds of funding reconstruction Birmingham side. Birmingham city council wants to build the new east international financial centre, with a London DuanChang strife. But, as the home of the industrial revolution, Birmingham want to really realize transition, still has a long way to go.

　　Germany Rhine -- ruhr mining and common development of mining industry in Germany Rhine -- ruhr is German and Europe's biggest industrial zone, although the area accounts for only Germany 3.6%, population of 12.6%, but YingMei 80% of Germany, producing 90% of coke, 60% of steel and 35% of sulfuric acid, electric power, oil refining and synthetic rubber, military industry, heavy machinery in Germany, which occupies an important position.

　　Rhine -- the ruhr area in economic development and industrial structure adjustment of the accumulation of experience. One of the main mining industry and the mining industry is developing, and have been optimized unceasingly industrial structure. First, the value of coal production and processing, extend industrial spot to promote economic development. Second, according to the market need to adjust the industrial structure, then the industrialization. Third, pay attention to the development of science and technology education. Fourth, the mining area environment beautification, controlling effectively the pollution. Fifth, through the formulation and implementation of the regional planning and urban planning, and make a more balanced productivity layout, the area with the advanced disparity of underdeveloped regions. Through the above measures implementation, mining and the ruhr area achieved gratifying situation of mining common development. The ruhr area of coal to electricity, formation and on-site processing, steel, coal chemical industry, building materials, etc., and build a powerful combination of mechanical and military industry, light industry, agriculture and attention.

　　Comment on: speaking of economic transformation of mining cities, and realize the sustainable development, in some people, seems to development of the mining industry. Ruhr experience shows that in the process of economic transformation of mining cities in the mining industry, mining industry and the development of mining industry, simultaneously, the mining industry chain to extend as far as possible to improve the content of science and technology, armed with high-tech. And to make regional and urban planning, productivity layout is reasonable, perfect urban function.

　　Malaysia Kuala Lumpur the booming industry is less than 150 years of history, and it is a new form of tin scratch mining cities. Malaysia zion of the world's total output. Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia's famous “rubber belt” -- through the middle of the tin. Not only is rich, and tin reserves to open mining. The current annual capacity of 30,000 tons of tin, high in the world. Now some of the park in Kuala Lumpur lake park, such as using waste tin ore field is rebuilt. With the advance in zion, tin mining activities in the periphery of the development, the suburbs YangYuChi become waste tin field. There are many drove past some rubber estate around in Kuala Lumpur. Rubber industry become Malaysia after the second industry in zion. The industry is primarily in Kuala Lumpur, refined tin and rubber wood processing, steel, cement, chemical, locomotive, food processing industry, etc. Kuala Lumpur, satellite will play in the southwest of check the spirit was the first satellite industry. Kuala Lumpur's tourism resources development, every year there are lots of tourist.

　　Comment on: the economic structure adjustment from local to reality, Kuala Lumpur in rubber and tin two big pillar industry continued to grow at the same time, culture, tourism and other tertiary industry develops fast, it is oneself to the ranks of the cities around the world. Without YiTuoXing mining cities and YiTuoXing two causes, Kuala Lumpur apparently without YiTuoXing mining town belongs. Kuala Lumpur, as long as the examples, policies and measures to YiTuoXing right-hand transformation of mining town will succeed.

Moore-me

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