例1:By now, "Gangnam Style" has become part of the pop culture lexicon. The infectious song by South Korean singer Psy broke the Guinness world record for "most likes" on YouTube。(‘Gangnam style? Not in N. Korea’, Los Angeles Times, published on 12 Oct 2012)
例2:It (the video for Psy's track Gangnam Style) is a colourful, over-the-top, hilarious pastiche of commercial pop videos and sees Psy debut his now internationally famous "horse riding dance"。(‘Gangnam Style the UK's first K-pop number one’, BBC online news “newbeats”, 1 Oct)
例3:Gangnam Style, a novelty song by the South Korean rapper Psy, is the global pop sensation of 2012.(South Korea: a rough guide to Gangnam style, The Telegraph, 7 Oct)
Exposure
在写作的媒体类,社会类话题中,经常使用的一个表达是“经常使用”。比如,考题中会出现孩子们经常看电视的利弊,经常使用因特网,以及交通工具排放的废气对人体的影响等。中国学生的作文中经常出现的表达是“watching TV too much”, “the overuse of the Internet”, 以及“excessive use of the Internet”等。然而,exposure做为一个地道表达很少被提及。学生多数熟知字典上对exposure “暴露”这一条释义,可在写作中可以做为“接触”的同义表达使用。
比如例4,就是在一条很好的写作素材,用于交通能源类,说明每天接触交通工具产生的噪音对人体的影响。
例4:It found that 2% of Europeans suffer severely disturbed sleep because of noise pollution and 15% can suffer severe annoyance. Chronic exposure to loud traffic noise causes 3% of tinnitus cases, in which people constantly hear a noise in their ears。
例5: Some people may point out that too much exposure to advertising imposes a lot of pressure on children as well as their parents。
例6:The report raises concerns about how this increasing amount of time spent with media is affecting us -- and specifically, how it is affecting youth. Heavy media exposure could have long-term effects on our bodies and brains that we don't realize。
例5和例6都是媒体类的写作素材,说明过多的接触广告等媒体信息对青少年的身心影响。
例7:The American Medical Association’s Council on Scientific Affairs concluded in a 1997 report that given the “particular uncertainty…regarding the long-term health effects of low-dose pesticide exposures,” it is “prudent” for adults and children to limit their exposure and to “consider the use of the least toxic chemical pesticides or non-chemical alternatives。”
embrace
“embrace”是非常地道的表达,不仅仅是中国学生熟悉的“拥抱”含义。殊不知还有其他含义。在社会类和教育类题目的写作中,考生经常使用“获得,有”这个概念。通过接受大学教育,学生得到了理论知识和实践技能。做免费义工,学生能够得到人生阅历。大多的表达都是停留在“gain theoretical knowledge”或“acquire vast amounts of working experience”。而“embrace”就是很传神的表达。
例8:Sales of carbonated sodas have been declining for the last decade, as American consumers have embraced new choices of beverages and, more recently, become more aware of how much sugar they contain。
例9:Along with theoretical knowledge, today’s working world requires its workforce to embrace practical skills and soft skills as well. It is believed that the Malaysian workforce, locally and overseas, possesses such skills。
例10:Graduates of the Westerly High School Class of 2012 are urged to embrace change and share knowledge
例11:Human development has always been driven by knowledge, and by our capacity to impart this knowledge, cumulatively, to succeeding generations. But as the pool of knowledge continually expands, and demand for access to it increases, the traditional means of sharing it are strained. UNESCO estimates that, by 2025, there will be an additional 80 million students seeking higher education. The way things are going, there is simply no way we will be able to give them all an on-campus education. To match this demand, Universities should embrace the move toward online learning。
tight
在大作文结尾段的合理化建议部分,以及报告类题目的解决措施部分,都需要考试针对该讨论话题提出建议。传统的思考角度是从政府着手,政府可以给予经济援助或扶持;政府也可以加强监管和控制;政府大力宣传教育。在考虑到媒体类和犯罪类题目时,经常用到“政府应严格控制该行为”的表达。如“政府应严格控制媒体中的暴力色情信息,以达到降低社会犯罪率的目的”。而考生的表达多集中于“The government should strictly control/impose stricter control the violence and pornography in the media to reduce crime rates。”
这两种表达在语法角度而言都无可厚非,可从语言地道的层面来看,就略有差池。请看下面的例子:
例12: All media in North Korea are tightly controlled by the country's propaganda network。
例13:Western Australia's emerging unconventional gas sector, which undertakes a practice known as fracking, will be subject to Australia's toughest disclosure laws and to be more tightly regulated. Mines and Petroleum Minister Norman Moore says it is important to establish strict laws while the industry is still young。
比如恰当使用名词结构,对于动词“知道know”这个含义:The average citizen has no knowledge of YouTube, Facebook or Twitter.再比如巧妙换词性和使用地道表达,对于烂俗的名词结构“the wide use of the Internet”: North Korea is as isolated and backward as South Korea is wired and technologically advanced.